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      <a href="/2017/12/02/advance-from-pure-front-ender-5-http-and-websocket/" title="纯前端的进军5--HTTP与Websocket" itemprop="url">纯前端的进军5--HTTP与Websocket</a>
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      <a href="https://godbasin.github.io" title="被删">被删</a>
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    <time datetime="2017-12-02T02:18:37.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">2017-12-02</time>
    更新日期:<time datetime="2017-12-02T02:18:55.873Z" itemprop="dateModified">2017-12-02</time>
    
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			<strong class="toc-title">文章目录</strong>
		<ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#关于HTTP"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">关于HTTP</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#HTTP请求"><span class="toc-number">1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">HTTP请求</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#无连接的HTTP"><span class="toc-number">1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">无连接的HTTP</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#长连接的HTTP"><span class="toc-number">1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">长连接的HTTP</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#参考"><span class="toc-number">1.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">参考</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#Websocket"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">Websocket</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#什么是Websocket"><span class="toc-number">2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">什么是Websocket</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Websocket与HTTP"><span class="toc-number">2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">Websocket与HTTP</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Websocket特点"><span class="toc-number">2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">Websocket特点</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#使用Websocket"><span class="toc-number">2.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">使用Websocket</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#参考-1"><span class="toc-number">2.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">参考</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#结束语"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">结束语</span></a></li></ol>
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		<p>《纯前端的进军》系列主要作为曾经的纯前端，对后台和底层的一些弥补，涉及进程、网络通信，以及对node.js和相关框架的学习。本节紧接着网络通信和TCP/IP，介绍一下HTTP和Websocket。<br><a id="more"></a></p>
<h2 id="关于HTTP"><a href="#关于HTTP" class="headerlink" title="关于HTTP"></a>关于HTTP</h2><hr>
<h3 id="HTTP请求"><a href="#HTTP请求" class="headerlink" title="HTTP请求"></a>HTTP请求</h3><p>很多时候，尤其面试的时候我们会遇到这样的问题：打开浏览器，从输入地址按回车后发生的一系列过程是怎样的。</p>
<p>通常来说，一个完整的HTTP请求过程是这样的：</p>
<ul>
<li>域名解析（此处涉及DNS的寻址过程）</li>
<li>发起TCP的3次握手</li>
<li>建立TCP连接后发起http请求</li>
<li>服务器响应http请求，浏览器得到html代码</li>
<li>浏览器解析html代码，并请求html代码中的资源（如js、css、图片等，此处可能涉及HTTP缓存）</li>
<li>浏览器对页面进行渲染呈现给用户（此处涉及浏览器的渲染原理）</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="无连接的HTTP"><a href="#无连接的HTTP" class="headerlink" title="无连接的HTTP"></a>无连接的HTTP</h3><p><strong>无连接</strong></p>
<p>无连接的含义是限制每次连接只处理一个请求。服务器处理完客户的请求，并收到客户的应答后，即断开连接。<br>采用这种方式可以节省传输时间。</p>
<p><strong>Keep-Alive</strong></p>
<p>随着时间的推移，网页变得越来越复杂，里面可能嵌入了很多图片，这时候每次访问图片都需要建立一次TCP连接就显得很低效。后来，Keep-Alive被提出用来解决这效率低的问题。</p>
<p>Keep-Alive功能使客户端到服务器端的连接持续有效，当出现对服务器的后继请求时，Keep-Alive功能避免了建立或者重新建立连接。</p>
<h3 id="长连接的HTTP"><a href="#长连接的HTTP" class="headerlink" title="长连接的HTTP"></a>长连接的HTTP</h3><p>实现长连接有几个方式：ajax轮询、长轮询、websocket等。</p>
<p><strong>1. 轮询</strong></p>
<p>客户端定时向服务器发送Ajax请求，服务器接到请求后马上返回响应信息并关闭连接。 </p>
<p>优点：后端程序编写比较容易。<br>缺点：请求中有大半是无用，浪费带宽和服务器资源。<br>实例：适于小型应用。</p>
<p><strong>2. 长轮询</strong></p>
<p>客户端向服务器发送Ajax请求，服务器接到请求后hold住连接，直到有新消息才返回响应信息并关闭连接，客户端处理完响应信息后再向服务器发送新的请求。 </p>
<p>优点：在无消息的情况下不会频繁的请求，耗费资源小。<br>缺点：服务器hold连接会消耗资源，返回数据顺序无保证，难于管理维护。<br>实例：WebQQ、Hi网页版、Facebook IM。</p>
<p><strong>3. 长连接</strong></p>
<p>在页面里嵌入一个隐蔵iframe，将这个隐蔵iframe的src属性设为对一个长连接的请求或是采用xhr请求，服务器端就能源源不断地往客户端输入数据。 </p>
<p>优点：消息即时到达，不发无用请求；管理起来也相对方便。<br>缺点：服务器维护一个长连接会增加开销。<br>实例：Gmail聊天</p>
<p><strong>4. Flash Socket</strong></p>
<p>在页面中内嵌入一个使用了Socket类的Flash程序。JavaScript通过调用此Flash程序提供的Socket接口与服务器端的Socket接口进行通信，JavaScript在收到服务器端传送的信息后控制页面的显示。 </p>
<p>优点：实现真正的即时通信，而不是伪即时。<br>缺点：客户端必须安装Flash插件；非HTTP协议，无法自动穿越防火墙。<br>实例：网络互动游戏。</p>
<p>以上一些是基于HTTP协议的长连接实现方案，而下面讲到的Websocket则是基于HTTP协议上的另外一种通信协议。</p>
<h3 id="参考"><a href="#参考" class="headerlink" title="参考"></a>参考</h3><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/hoojo/p/longPolling_comet_jquery_iframe_ajax.html" target="_blank" rel="external">《Web通信之长连接、长轮询（long polling）》</a></li>
<li><a href="https://godbasin.github.io/2017/05/20/front-end-notes-7-init-http/">《前端阶段性总结之「理解HTTP协议」》</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="Websocket"><a href="#Websocket" class="headerlink" title="Websocket"></a>Websocket</h2><hr>
<h3 id="什么是Websocket"><a href="#什么是Websocket" class="headerlink" title="什么是Websocket"></a>什么是Websocket</h3><p>WebSocket是HTML5下一种新的协议。它实现了浏览器与服务器全双工通信，能更好的节省服务器资源和带宽并达到实时通讯的目的。</p>
<p>Websocket为持久化协议，基于HTTP协议（借用HTTP协议完成一部分握手）。</p>
<p>WebSocket是一种双向通信协议。在建立连接后，WebSocket服务器端和客户端都能主动向对方发送或接收数据，就像Socket一样。它与HTTP一样通过已建立的TCP连接来传输数据。</p>
<h3 id="Websocket与HTTP"><a href="#Websocket与HTTP" class="headerlink" title="Websocket与HTTP"></a>Websocket与HTTP</h3><p>相比HTTP长连接，WebSocket有以下特点：</p>
<ol>
<li>是真正的全双工方式，建立连接后客户端与服务器端是完全平等的，可以互相主动请求。</li>
</ol>
<p>HTTP长连接基于HTTP，是传统的客户端对服务器发起请求的模式。<br>HTTP的生命周期通过Request来界定，也就是一个Request一个Response，且response也是被动的，不能主动发起。</p>
<ol>
<li>HTTP长连接中，每次数据交换除了真正的数据部分外，服务器和客户端还要大量交换HTTP header，信息交换效率很低。</li>
</ol>
<p>Websocket协议通过第一个request建立了TCP连接之后，之后交换的数据都不需要发送HTTP header就能交换数据，这显然和原有的HTTP协议有区别。所以它需要对服务器和客户端都进行升级才能实现（主流浏览器都已支持HTML5）。<br>还有multiplexing、不同的URL可以复用同一个WebSocket连接等功能。这些都是HTTP长连接不能做到的。</p>
<h3 id="Websocket特点"><a href="#Websocket特点" class="headerlink" title="Websocket特点"></a>Websocket特点</h3><p>Websocket的其他特点包括：</p>
<ol>
<li>建立在TCP协议之上，服务器端的实现比较容易。</li>
<li>与HTTP协议有着良好的兼容性。默认端口也是80和443，并且握手阶段采用HTTP协议，因此握手时不容易屏蔽，能通过各种HTTP代理服务器。</li>
<li>数据格式比较轻量，性能开销小，通信高效。</li>
<li>可以发送文本，也可以发送二进制数据。</li>
<li>没有同源限制，客户端可以与任意服务器通信。</li>
<li>协议标识符是ws（如果加密，则为wss），服务器网址就是URL。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="使用Websocket"><a href="#使用Websocket" class="headerlink" title="使用Websocket"></a>使用Websocket</h3><ul>
<li>WebSocket构造函数<br>WebSocket对象作为一个构造函数，用于新建WebSocket实例。</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> ws = <span class="keyword">new</span> WebSocket(<span class="string">'ws://localhost:8080'</span>);</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li><p><code>ws.readyState</code><br>readyState属性返回实例对象的当前状态，共有四种。</p>
<ul>
<li>CONNECTING：值为0，表示正在连接。</li>
<li>OPEN：值为1，表示连接成功，可以通信了。</li>
<li>CLOSING：值为2，表示连接正在关闭。</li>
<li>CLOSED：值为3，表示连接已经关闭，或者打开连接失败。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><code>onopen</code>属性：用于指定连接成功后的回调函数</p>
</li>
<li><code>onclose</code>属性：用于指定连接关闭后的回调函数</li>
<li><code>onmessage</code>属性：用于指定收到服务器数据后的回调函数</li>
<li><code>send()</code>方法：用于向服务器发送数据</li>
<li><code>bufferedAmount</code>属性：表示还有多少字节的二进制数据没有发送出去，它可以用来判断发送是否结束</li>
<li><code>onerror</code>属性：用于指定报错时的回调函数</li>
</ul>
<p>更多的可以参考<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/zh-CN/docs/Web/API/WebSocket" target="_blank" rel="external">MDN</a>。</p>
<h3 id="参考-1"><a href="#参考-1" class="headerlink" title="参考"></a>参考</h3><ul>
<li><a href="https://www.qcloud.com/document/product/214/4150?fromSource=gwzcw.93403.93403.93403" target="_blank" rel="external">WebSocket原理说明</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.zhihu.com/question/20215561" target="_blank" rel="external">知乎–WebSocket 是什么原理？为什么可以实现持久连接？</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2017/05/websocket.html" target="_blank" rel="external">WebSocket 教程</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="结束语"><a href="#结束语" class="headerlink" title="结束语"></a>结束语</h2><hr>
<p>本节主要介绍了HTTP通信和Websocket协议相关，关于HTTP协议的内容和知识点还有很多，大家有兴趣可以去补充一下。</p>
  
		
		<p style="margin-top:50px;">查看Github有更多内容噢：<a href="https://github.com/godbasin">https://github.com/godbasin</a></p>
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	<p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 20px;">码生艰难，写文不易，给我家猪囤点猫粮了喵~</p>
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  		<p>作者：被删</p>
  		<p>出处：<a href="https://godbasin.github.io">https://godbasin.github.io</a></p>
  		<p>本文版权归作者所有，欢迎转载，但未经作者同意必须保留此段声明，且在文章页面明显位置给出原文连接，否则保留追究法律责任的权利。</p>
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  <strong class="toc-title">文章目录</strong>
  <ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#关于HTTP"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">关于HTTP</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#HTTP请求"><span class="toc-number">1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">HTTP请求</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#无连接的HTTP"><span class="toc-number">1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">无连接的HTTP</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#长连接的HTTP"><span class="toc-number">1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">长连接的HTTP</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#参考"><span class="toc-number">1.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">参考</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#Websocket"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">Websocket</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#什么是Websocket"><span class="toc-number">2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">什么是Websocket</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Websocket与HTTP"><span class="toc-number">2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">Websocket与HTTP</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Websocket特点"><span class="toc-number">2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">Websocket特点</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#使用Websocket"><span class="toc-number">2.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">使用Websocket</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#参考-1"><span class="toc-number">2.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">参考</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#结束语"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">结束语</span></a></li></ol>
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